tpo26阅读答案(2)

时间：2024-03-24 04:54:56 谢桦2 英语答案

　　13. Directions: From the seven statements below, select the statements that correctly characterize breathing during

　　wakefulness and those statements that correctly characterize breathing during sleep. Drag each answer choice you select into the appropriate box of the table. Two of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points.

　　Adaptations of Annuals BF

　　Five of the phrases will NOT be used.

　　A. Woody structures

　　B. Explosive growth in wet years

　　C. Long, thin, shallow roots

　　D. Storage of water in plant tissue

　　E. Minimization of the amount of water used for

　　Adaptations of Perennials ADG

　　Four of the phrases will NOT be used,

　　A. Woody structures

　　B. Explosive growth in wet years

　　C. Long, thin, shallow roots

　　D. Storage of water in plant tissue

　　E. Minimization of the amount of water used for photosynthesis F. Short life cycle

　　G. Leaves designed to minimize water loss

　　Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions 沙漠环境中植物和动物的生存

　　——翻译by@英语词汇精华陈鹏飞

　　文章词汇总结

　　☻常年生植物perennial;

　　☻一年生植物annual;

　　☻光合作用photosynthesis;

　　☻降水precipitation;

　　☻开花bloom;

　　☻养分nutrition;

　　☻枯萎wilt;

　　☻毛孔pore;

　　☻干旱drought;

　　☻干旱的arid;

　　☻休眠dormancy

　　文章中英文对照翻译

　　The harsh conditions in deserts are intolerable for most plants and animals. Despite these conditions, however, many varieties of plants and animals have adapted to deserts in a

　　number of ways. Most plant tissues die if their water content falls too low: the nutrients that feed plants are transmitted by water; water is a raw material in the vital process of

　　photosynthesis; and water regulates the temperature of a plant by its ability to absorb heat and because water vapor lost to the atmosphere through the leaves helps to lower plant

　　temperatures. Water controls the volume of plant matter produced. The distribution of plants within different areas of desert is also controlled by water. Some areas, because of their soil texture, topographical position, or distance from rivers or groundwater, have virtually no water available to plants, whereas others do.

　　沙漠的严酷环境对于大部分的植物和动物来说都是难以忍受的，尽管如此，很多不同种类的植物和动物仍然能以各种方式适应于沙漠的环境。如果含水量太低，大多数植物会死亡。水不仅输送给植物养分，也是植物光合作用这个关键过程中的原材料;水通过吸收热来调节植物的温度，因为水蒸气通过叶子进入大气可以降低植物的温度。水控制着植物物质的产量，也控制着植物在不同沙漠地区的分布。由于土壤质地、地形位置或与河流、地下水的距离的因素，一些沙漠地区缺乏供给植物的水，而其他的区域却有提供给植物的水。

　　The nature of plant life in deserts is also highly dependent on the fact that they have to adapt to the prevailing aridity. There are two general classes of vegetation: long-lived perennials, which may be succulent (water-storing) and are often dwarfed and woody, and annuals or ephemerals, which have a short life cycle and may form a fairly dense stand immediately after rain.

　　沙漠植物的特征与他们对普遍存在的干旱的适应性相关。沙漠的植物大体分为两类：生命较长的常年生植物，这种植物含水多，通常是矮小的木本植物;一年生植物或者短生植物，这种植物生命周期比较短，可以在雨后形成一个密集高大的植物群。

　　The ephemeral plants evade drought. Given a year of favorable precipitation, such plants will develop vigorously and produce large numbers of flowers and fruit. This replenishes the seed

　　content of the desert soil. The seeds then lie dormant until the next wet year, when the desert blooms again.

　　短生植物可以避开干旱时期，若在降水充沛的年份，这种植物可以茂盛的生长，并繁殖出大量花和果实，从而补充了沙漠土壤中种子的含量。然后这些种子会休眠到下一个沙漠植物再次开花的湿润的年份。

　　The perennial vegetation adjusts to the aridity by means of various avoidance mechanisms. Most desert plants are probably best classified as xerophytes. They possess drought-resisting adaptations: loss of water through the leaves is reduced by means of dense hairs covering waxy leaf surfaces, by the closure of pores during the hottest times to reduce water loss, and by the rolling up or shedding of leaves at the beginning of the dry season. Some xerophytes, the succulents (including cacti), store water in their structures. Another way of countering drought is to have a limited amount of mass above ground and to have extensive root networks below ground. It is not unusual for the roots of some desert perennials to extend downward more than ten meters. Some plants are woody in type —an adaptation designed to prevent collapse of the plant tissue when water stress produces wilting. Another class of desert plant is the phreatophyte. These have adapted to the environment by the development of long taproots that penetrate downward until they approach the assured water supply provided by groundwater. Among these plants are the date palm, tamarisk, and mesquite. They commonly grow near stream channels, springs, or on the margins of lakes.

　　常年生植物通过各种回避机制来适应于干旱。更确切的说，大部分沙漠植物属于旱生植物。他们具备抗旱的适应性：覆盖蜡质叶子表面的浓密的茸毛，在最炎热的时期关闭细孔，在干旱季节初期卷起叶子或者脱落叶子，这些都可以减少经过叶子的水的流失。一些旱生植物，如肉质植物(包括仙人掌)在他们自身的结构组织中储存水。另外一个抵御干旱的方式是在地表上限制植物生长，在地表下有错综复杂的根系网络。一些沙漠的常年生植物的根能够向下伸展十多米深。有些植物属于木质植物，这一适应性的特征可防止水压导致植物枯萎时植物组织的崩溃。另外一类沙漠植物是深根植物，这种植物通过繁衍长的主根来适应环境，这些主根能够直达地下水提供的充足水源。海枣树、柽柳牡豆树属于这类植物。他们通常生长在河道河床，泉水或者湖泊的附近。

　　Animals also have to adapt to desert conditions, and they may do it through two forms of behavioral adaptation: they either escape or retreat. Escape involves such actions as

　　aestivation, a condition of prolonged dormancy, or torpor, during which animals reduce their metabolic rate and body temperature during the hot season or during very dry spells.

　　动物同样需要适应沙漠的环境，它们以主要两种形式来适应：逃避或撤离。逃避的行为如夏眠，动物通过长时间的休眠或蛰伏在最炎热或最干燥的时期减少他们的代谢率和体温。

　　Seasonal migration is another form of escape, especially for large mammals or birds. The term retreat is applied to the short-term escape behavior of desert animals, and it usually

　　assumes the pattern of a daily rhythm. Birds shelter in nests, rock overhangs, trees, and dense shrubs to avoid the hottest hours of the day, while mammals like the kangaroo rat burrow underground.

　　季节性的迁徙是另一种逃避的方式，尤其是对于大型的哺乳动物和鸟类。这里的术语“撤离”是指沙漠动物的短期逃避行为，常常以天为节奏的模式。鸟类隐匿在鸟窝，岩石悬垂处，树丛中和浓密的灌木来躲避一天中最炎热的时段，而像更格卢鼠等哺乳动物会藏到地下的洞穴中

　　Some animals have behavioral, physiological, and morphological (structural) adaptations that enable them to withstand extreme conditions. For example, the ostrich has plumage that is so constructed that the feathers are long but not too dense. When conditions are hot, the ostrich erects them on its back, thus increasing the thickness of the barrier between solar radiation and the skin. The sparse distribution of the feathers, however, also allows considerable lateral air movement over the skin surface, thereby permitting further heat loss by convection.

　　Furthermore, the birds orient themselves carefully with regard to the Sun and gently flap their wings to increase convection cooling.

　　一些动物在行为，生理和形态学上的适应能力允许他们承受极端的环境，例如，鸵鸟的羽毛具有这种结构特征：毛很长但却不浓密。在炎热的环境，鸵鸟就会竖起背部的羽毛，以此增加羽毛这层太阳辐射和皮肤之间的屏障的厚度。羽毛稀疏的分布，同样使得皮肤

　　表面横向空气流动得以进行，而羽毛的热量也进一步通过对流散发。此外，鸟类根据太阳的位置谨慎调整着的自己的方向，轻轻地拍打着翅膀增加对流降温。

　　Sumer and the First Cities of the Ancient Near East

　　PARAGRAPH 1

　　The earliest of the city states of the ancient Near East appeared at the southern end of the Mesopotamian plain, the area between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is now Iraq. It was here that the civilization known as Sumer emerged in its earliest form in the fifth

　　millennium. At first sight, the plain did not appear to be a likely home for a civilization. There were few natural resources, no timber, stone, or metals. Rainfall was limited, and what water there was rushed across the plain in the annual flood of melted snow. As the plain fell only 20 meters in 500 kilometers, the beds of the rivers shifted constantly. It was this that made the organization of irrigation, particularly the building of canals to channel and preserve the water, essential. Once this was done and the silt carried down by the rivers was planted, the rewards were rich: four to five times what rain-fed earth would produce. It was these conditions that allowed an elite to emerge, probably as an organizing class, and to sustain itself through the control of surplus crops.

　　PARAGRAPH 2

　　It is difficult to isolate the factors that led to the next development—the emergence of urban settlements. The earliest, that of Eridu, about 4500 B.C.E., and Uruk, a thousand years later, center on impressive temple complexes built of mud brick. In some way, the elite had associated themselves with the power of the gods. Uruk, for instance, had two patron

　　gods—Anu, the god of the sky and sovereign of all other gods, and inanna, a goddess of love and war—and there were others, patrons of different cities. Human beings were at their mercy. The biblical story of the Flood may originate in Sumer. In the earliest version, the gods destroy the human race because its clamor had been so disturbing to them.

　　PARAGRAPH 3

　　It used to be believed that before 3000 B.C.E. the political and economic life of the cities was centered on their temples, but it now seems probable that the cities had secular rulers from earliest times. Within the city lived administrators, craftspeople, and merchants. (Trading was important, as so many raw materials, the semiprecious stones for the decoration of the temples, timbers for roofs, and all metals, had to be imported.) An increasingly sophisticated system of administration led in about 3300 B.C.E. to the appearance of writing. The earliest script was based on logograms, with a symbol being used to express a whole word. The logograms were incised on damp clay tablets with a stylus with a wedge shape at its end. (The Romans called the shape cuneus and this gives the script its name of cuneiform.) Two thousand logograms have been recorded from these early centuries of writing. A more economical approach was to use a sign to express not a whole word but a single syllable. (To take an example: the Sumerian word for" head" was "sag." Whenever a word including a syllable in which the sound "sag" was to be written, the sign for "sag" could be used to express that syllable with the remaining syllables of the word expressed by other signs.) By 2300 B.C.E. the number of signs required had been reduced to 600, and the range of words that could be expressed had widened. Texts dealing with economic matters predominated, as they always had done; but at this point works of theology, g literature, history, and law also appeared.

　　PARAGRAPH 4

　　Other innovations of the late fourth millennium include the wheel, probably developed first as a more efficient way of making pottery and then transferred to transport. A tablet engraved about 3000 B.C.E. provides the earliest known example from Sumer, a roofed boxlike sledge mounted on four solid wheels. A major development was the discovery, again about 3000

　　B.C.E., that if copper, which had been known in Mesopotamia since about 3500 B.C.E., was mixed with tin, a much harder metal, bronze, would result. Although copper and stone tools continued to be used, bronze was far more successful in creating sharp edges that could be used as anything from saws and scythes to weapons. The period from 3000 to 1000 B.C.E., when the use of bronze became I widespread, is normally referred to as the Bronze Age.

　　PARAGRAPH 1

　　1、Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as a disadvantage of the Mesopotamian plain?

　　There was not very much rainfall for most of the year.

　　Melting snow caused flooding every year.

　　The silt deposited by rivers damaged crops.

　　Timber, stone and metals were not readily available.

　　2、According to paragraph 1, which of the following made it possible for an elite to emerge? New crops were developed that were better suited to conditions on the Mesopotamian plain. The richest individuals managed to gain control of the most valuable cropland.

　　Control over the few available natural resources made some people four to five times richer than everyone else.

　　The building of canals to increase agricultural output required organization.

　　3、The word "sustain" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　defend

　　promote

　　maintain

　　transform

　　PARAGRAPH 2

　　4、According to paragraph 2, Eridu and Uruk are examples of urban settlements that lacked the features usually found in other early urban settlements f

　　developed around religious buildings

　　grew much more rapidly than most of the urban settlements found in Sumer

　　were mysteriously destroyed and abandoned

　　5、The word "sovereign" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　counselor

　　master

　　defender

　　creator

　　PARAGRAPH 3

　　have been recorded from these early centuries of writing. A more economical approach was to use a sign to express not a whole word but a single syllable. (To take an example: the Sumerian word for" head" was "sag." Whenever a word including a syllable in which the sound "sag" was to be written, the sign for "sag" could be used to express that syllable with the remaining syllables of the word expressed by other signs.) By 2300 B.C.E. the number of signs required had been reduced to 600, and the range of words that could be expressed had widened. Texts dealing with economic matters predominated, as they always had done; but at this point works of theology, g literature, history, and law also appeared.

　　6、According to paragraph 3, which of the following led to the appearance of writing? An increasingly sophisticated administrative system

　　Coordination between secular and religious leaders

　　The large volume of trade, particularly imports

　　A rapidly expanding and changing population Paragraph 3 is marked with

　　7、In paragraph 3, why does the author provide the information that the number of signs in use had dropped from 2,000 to 600 by 2300 B.C.E.?

　　To argue that the development of writing involved periods of growth followed by periods of decline

　　To demonstrate that earlier written texts used a larger vocabulary than later texts, which were aimed at a broader audience |

　　To support the claim that the range of words expressed by logograms varied widely depending on time period and type of text

　　To provide evidence for the increased efficiency of using signs to express syllables rather than whole words

　　8、According to paragraph 3, ancient texts most commonly dealt with

　　theology

　　literature

　　economics

　　law

　　PARAGRAPH 4

　　9、According to paragraph 4, the earliest wheels probably

　　were first developed in areas outside Mesopotamia

　　were used to make pottery

　　appeared on boxlike sledges

　　were used to transport goods between cities

　　10、The word "engraved* in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　carved

　　produced

　　dated

　　discovered

　　11、Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

　　Also around 3000 B.C.E., it was discovered that mixing copper, known from about 3500

　　B.C.E., with tin would create a much harder metal known as bronze.

　　Although copper had been known since 3500 B.C.E in Mesopotamia, the discovery of bronze did not occur until around 3000 B.C.E.

　　Another major development around 3000 B.C.E. was the discovery that copper could be mixed with a much harder metal known as tin.

　　The development of bronze by mixing copper and tin probably occurred around 3000 B.C.E. but may have happened as early as 3500 B.C.E.

　　12、The word "widespread" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　obvious

　　significant

　　necessary

　　common

　　13、Look at the four squares [ ■ ]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

　　City life was diverse, and the population was engaged in a variety of occupations.

　　PARAGRAPH 3

　　sophisticated system of administration led in about 3300 B.C.E. to the appearance of writing. ■ The earliest script was based on logograms, with a symbol being used to express a whole word. ■ The logograms were incised on damp clay tablets with a stylus with a wedge shape at its end. (The Romans called the shape cuneus and this gives the script its name of cuneiform.) Two thousand logograms have been recorded from these early centuries of writing. A more economical approach was to use a sign to express not a whole word but a single syllable. (To take an example: the Sumerian word for" head" was "sag." Whenever a word including a syllable in which the sound "sag" was to be written, the sign for "sag" could be used to express that syllable with the remaining syllables of the word expressed by other signs.) By 2300 B.C.E. the number of signs required had been reduced to 600, and the range of words that could be expressed had widened. Texts dealing with economic matters predominated, as they always had done; but at this point works of theology, g literature, history, and law also appeared.

　　14、Direction: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most

　　important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

　　Irrigation made it possible for the civilization known as sumer to arise on the Mesopotamian plain in the fifth millennium B.C.E.

　　Answer Choices

　　A. The scarcity of natural resources on the plain made it necessary for a powerful elite to emerge and take charge

　　of trade and imports.

　　B. The economy of each city was based on a craft such as pottery or metal working, and the city of Eridu was

　　known for its saws, scythes and weapons.

　　C. Writing appeared in the form of logograms and later developed into a system using signs to represent syllables

　　rather than whole words.

　　D. Priests were powerful figures in the ancient civilization and controlled the political and economic life of the

　　cities.

　　E. The earliest city states had one or more patron gods and were built around central temple complexes.

　　F. The development of the wheel and the creation of bronze were important innovations in Sumer

　　Sumer and the First Cities of the Ancient Near East

　　苏美尔和古代近东的第一个城市

　　翻译by陈鹏飞

　　文章词汇总结

　　☻城邦国家city state

　　☻近东Near East

　　☻文明civilization

　　☻耕种cultivate

　　☻灌溉irrigation

　　☻铜copper

　　☻木材timber

　　☻陶瓷pottery

　　☻石器时代Stone Age

　　☻青铜器时代Bronze Age

　　☻铁器时代the Iron Age

　　文章中英文对照翻译

　　millennium. At first sight, the plain did not appear to be a likely home for a civilization. There were few natural resources, no timber, stone, or metals. Rainfall was limited, and what water there was rushed across the plain in the annual flood of melted snow. As the plain fell only 20 meters in 500 kilometers, the beds of the rivers shifted constantly. It was this that made the organization of irrigation, particularly the building of canals to channel and preserve the water, essential. Once this was done and the silt carried down by the rivers was planted, the rewards were rich: four to five times what rain-fed earth would produce. It was these conditions that allowed elite to emerge, probably as an organizing class, and to sustain itself through the control of surplus crops.

　　古代近东地区最早的城邦出现在美索不达米亚平原的南端。在底格里斯河和幼发拉底河之间的这片区域就是现在的伊拉克。在公元前五千年苏美尔等文明的早期形式从这里崛起。乍一看，这个平原并不像是一个文明的摇篮。这里的自然资源有限，缺乏木材、石料和金属，降水量有限，而由于融雪造成的洪水每年都会在平原上泛滥。因为美索不达米亚平原在500公里内置只下降20米，平原的河床不断在发生变化。正是这点使得灌溉系统，尤其是建立水渠来引导和保护水资源变得尤为重要。一旦这些灌溉工程完成，由河流冲击下来的淤泥就会沉积在此处，带来了丰厚的回报：产生4-5倍雨水滋润的土

　　壤。正是这种环境允许一个可能是管理阶层的精英社会的出现，他们通过对余粮的控制利用来养活自己。

　　gods—Anu, the god of the sky and sovereign of all other gods, and Inanna, a goddess of love and war—and there were others, patrons of different cities. Human beings were at their mercy. The biblical story of the Flood may originate in Sumer. In the earliest version, the gods destroy the human race because its clamor had been so disturbing to them.

　　促使苏美尔文明进一步发展的一个要素是城市定居点的兴起，把这一点隔开来是很难的。公元前4500年的最早的城市埃利都以及一千年后兴起的城市乌鲁克的城市中心建有泥砖砌成的雄伟的庙宇建筑。在某种意义上，这些精英阶层把自己与神灵的力量结合在一起。例如乌鲁克有两个守护神：作为天神以及众神首领的安努和爱与战争的女神伊南娜，不同的城市还有其他的守护神。人在神的掌控下生存。圣经中关于洪水的故事可能起源于苏美尔，在这个故事的早期版本中，因为人类太喧闹令人不安，所以神毁灭人类。

　　occupations. Within the city lived administrators, craftspeople, and merchants. (Trading was important, as so many raw materials, the semiprecious stones for the decoration of the temples, timbers for roofs, and all metals, had to be imported.)

　　人们曾经认为公元3000前城市的政治和经济制度的中心是寺庙，但是现在人们认为这些城市早期就有世俗的统治者。城市的生活是丰富多彩的，市民从事着各种职业，城市里住着行政官员、手工艺者和商人。贸(易占有着重要的地位，因为很多原材料，寺庙装饰用的次等宝石，屋顶的木材以及所有的金属都必须进口)。

　　An increasingly sophisticated system of administration led in about 3300 B.C.E. to the

　　appearance of writing. The earliest script was based on logograms, with a symbol being used

　　to express a whole word. The logograms were incised on damp clay tablets with a stylus with a wedge shape at its end. (The Romans called the shape cuneus and this gives the script its name of cuneiform.) Two thousand logograms have been recorded from these early centuries of writing. A more economical approach was to use a sign to express not a whole word but a single syllable. (To take an example: the Sumerian word for " head” was “sag.” Whenever a word including a syllable in which the sound “sag” was to be written, the sign for “sag" could be used to express that syllable with the remaining syllables of the word expressed by other signs.) By 2300 B.C.E. the number of signs required had been reduced to 600, and the range of words that could be expressed had widened. Texts dealing with economic matters

　　predominated, as they always had done; but at this point works of theology, literature, history, and law also appeared.

　　约公元前3300年前，日益复杂的行政管理制度促使了书写的出现。最早期的手写体以缩记符为基础，即用一个符号来表达整个单词。缩记符的末端呈楔形，被铁笔刻在潮湿的泥石板上。(罗马人把这种形状称之为楔形并把这种手写体称为楔形文字)。这些早期的书写文字中有两千的缩记符被记载下来。后来有了一个更加实用的方法：使用一个符号来表达一个单一的音节而不是整个单词(举个例子：苏米尔单词sag的意思是“头”，每当一个包含“sag”音节的单词被写下来，“sag”这个符号都和其他符号所表达的剩下的音节一起表达)。在公元前2300年，所需的符号数量下降到600个，单词表达的范围扩大了。有关经济方面的文本一如既往地占到大部分。但此时有关神学，文学，历史，法律的文字记载同样出现了。

　　B.C.E., that if copper, which had been known in Mesopotamia since about 3500 B.C.E., was mixed with tin, a much harder metal, bronze, would result. Although copper and stone tools continued to be used, bronze was far more successful in creating sharp edges that could be used as anything from saws and scythes to weapons. The period from 3000 to 1000 B.C.E., when the use of bronze became widespread, is normally referred to as the Bronze Age.

　　公元前四千年晚期的其他创新还包括陶轮，陶轮可能在最初用于提高陶器的生产效率，然后被用到交通运输上。在大约公元前3000年雕刻来自苏美尔的一块石板上提供了已

　　知最早的例证：一辆有顶的盒形雪橇被安放在四个实心的轮子上。大约公元前3000年的另外一个重大进展是青铜的发现。铜在约公元前3500年前就为米索达比亚人所知，如果铜和锡混合在一起，就能制造出更加坚硬的金属：青铜。虽然铜和石器继续被使用，但是青铜更容易形成锋利的边缘，可以用于制造锯、大镰刀和武器等工具上。公元前3000年到1000年青铜被广泛使用的这段时期通常被称为青铜时代。

　　TPO26 ENERGY AND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 1. 目的题，读highlight所在句，说英国有煤，但没法变成能量来运行机器，选项C同时说了

　　由煤木有能量，是正确答案。A错在不是reject，原文承认缺能量，A说反;B错在原文没讲other energy resources怎么样;D错在coal mining变成重要行业没讲

　　2. 以the problem of energy做关键词定位至第二句，但这句话没有内容，于是往后看，下一

　　句讲依靠动植物和人作为能量的来源，看完这句话最大的可能是选D，但原文没说动植物和人的能源不够，所以D不对。排除法，A说风和水能没有有效利用，而原文第四句说越来越多的使用，所以A错;C跟上一题相反，错;B跟上一题相同，正确

　　3. A的huge quantity of raw cotton定位至倒数第三句，说进口增加了230倍，正确，不选;

　　B定位至第五句，说机械化越来越多，正确，不选;C的mill location定位至第四句，说mill

　　不用在水边了，也就是C说的更多可能的位置，正确，不选;也同样在这句话里说大的mills，跟D说的相反，所以D错，选

　　4. apparent in明显，所以正确答案是A的clearly seen in。词根是pare，意思是可见，想

　　想透明transparent和appear。代入，原文讲转向不断增加的mechanization是什么样的通过进口raw cotton，紧接着后面就用数字讲进口cotton怎么怎么样，说明很显著。B帮忙和C相关明显不通。前后两句没有明显的先后关系，所以follow不通

　　5. 以most important export和1850做关键词定位至倒数第二句和倒数第三句，说raw cotton

　　进口增加了230倍，cotton cloth变成了最重要的产品，占了出口的一半，所以正确答案是B的cotton cloth。注意A的raw cotton是进口的

　　6. consequent结果的，所以正确答案是resulting。之前有讲蒸汽机的成功result in了煤炭

　　需求的增加，和consequent煤炭生产的增加，需求增加当然导致生产增加，所以正确答案是A，C和D完全不对，A和B相比A更好

　　7. 问整段的，看首尾。首句讲1700年代瓦特发明了蒸汽机，随着越来越便宜，应用越来越广;

　　尾句说steam engine的成功导致煤炭需求和生产的增加。MS没有正确答案，可采用排除法，首先没讲除英国之外的其他国家，所以A和B都不对，C说一个行业不能引起工业革命，原文也没讲。D正确的原因是煤炭的应用解决了能源问题，正确，不记得的话看看第一段的末尾 8. 以coke做关键词定位至第二句，讲在制铁的过程中，coke替代了charcoal，但没讲coke

　　能干嘛，所以往下看，说impurity随着coke的使用被烧掉了，也就是除杂质，所以正确答案是C，B和D的machine没讲;A说把木头变成charcoal，原文也没说

　　9. A的steam-driven bellows定位至第二句，正确，不选;B的1850s和Britain定位至第五

　　句，说英国的产量等于其他国家产量之和，当然是最大生产国，所以B正确，不选;C的different shapes and sizes定位至第四句，正确，不选;D的price没讲，错，选 10. initiated开始，所以正确答案是D。代入，说steam engine的到来怎么了铁路运输的彻底

　　改变，能说得通的只有B和D。因为之前没有说到变化，所以不是加速，开始了一种全新的变化更好些

　　11. 以transformation in rail transportation做关键词定位至第四句和第五句，说随着

　　transportation改善，能到达更远更大的国内市场，导致更大的销量和更大的工厂，所以正确答案是C。A的rural laborers，B的ocean shipping和D的wage原文都没有有说 12. accustomed to习惯，所以正确答案是B，used to意思完全一样。不认识的同学看custom，

　　风俗习惯，前面的ac前缀和后面的ed均没有实际意义。代入，说铁路建设提供的工作机会

　　吸引了工人，这些工人是怎么样季节性迁徙的，C厌倦和D鼓励说不通。A需要和B习惯就要看词汇量了

　　13. 此题名词过渡不容易找，只能找到动词improve，所以正确答案非B即C。B之后有as

　　transportation improved，也就是给出improve之后的结果，应该是先有improve后有结果，所以正确答案是B

　　14. For years选项与首段第二句相反，错

　　The introduction选项对应最后一段，正确

　　An expansion选项中的outside Great Britain怎么样原文没讲，错

　　By 1850选项对应原文第二段和第三段，正确

　　Since the basic选项对应原文最后一段后半部分，正确

　　By the end选项中的工厂找不到工人跟上increasing sales没说，错

　　SURVIVAL OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS IN DESERT CONDITIONS

　　1. A选项的sunlight原文没有提到，所以错误，选;B项不容易找，可以找完C和D之后依靠

　　并列在第三句的冒号之后找到，原文讲的是降低温度，也就是防止overheated，所以B正确，不选;C和D都在第三句的冒号之后，都正确，不选

　　2. 以dry year和ephemeral做关键词定位至首句，但只看这句话没有答案，于是看最后一句，

　　讲植物种子直到下个wet year之前都dormant，也就是dry year的时候它们休眠，所以正确答案是B。注意C有迷惑性，虽然原文提到了wet year，但没有讲干湿年份进行比较，所以C错;A犯了跟C相同的错误;D错在原文没有把ephemeral跟perennial进行比较

　　3. 问两段关系，看开头。第二段开头说植物需要适应沙漠的干旱环境，第二句说有两类;第三

　　段开头讲其中一类，因此应该是第二段总述，第三段分述，所以正确答案是B。A错在第三段没有scientific explanation;C错在第三段不是讲分类的问题;D错在第三段讲的是第二段两个分类中的一个，而不是第三类

　　4. vigorously活泼地，精力旺盛地，所以正确答案是strong。代入，原文说在降水多的时候，

　　植物怎么生长，这个凭常识也知道降水多的时候植物长的好吧，不认识precipitation的同学可以看后面的并列，叫做产生大量的花和果实，还是可以推出长得好。

　　5. countering反，抵御，抵抗，所以正确答案是C。counter本身就表示反对，想想encounter，

　　counteract，counterbalance，还有著名游戏CS。不知道的同学代入，另外一种怎么样干旱的方法是植物地上部分小地下部分大，地下部分大吸收水分多，是应对干旱的方法。A消除干旱和B利用干旱明显不通;D经历干旱也不要什么特殊的方法，不对

　　6. 以root systems that are extraordinarily well developed做关键词定位至第五句，也

　　就是上个词汇题的那句，说另外一种抗击干旱的方法是植物地上部分小地下部分大，所以正确答案是A。B刚好说反;C的nonwoody和D的water都不在定位句中

　　7. assured确定的，经过证实的，所以正确答案是guaranteed。词根是sure，所以肯定与确

　　定有关，pure跟deep就完全不对;不认识diminished的同学至少看到词中间有个mini，跟小或者少有关，所以也不对

　　8. 以date palm, tamarisk and mesqute做关键词定位至倒数第二句，这句尽管没法做答案，

　　但these告诉我们和前句有关，往前看又发现一个these，于是继续往前，终于读到倒数第四句说另一种沙漠植物是ph，所以正确答案是C，其他都没说

　　9. 提取主干，去掉during which从句得到escape的方法包括aestivation或者torpor。很

　　容易排除B和D，因为B说不用aestivation，D说suffer;C最明显的错误是减少metabolic rate or body temperature，而原文讲的是metabolic rate and body temperature，所以正确答案是A

　　10. 以desert animals retreat做关键词定位至首句，说包含两种方法，一是escape，二是

　　retreat，但接下来的整段都在讲escape，没有retreat的事儿，不知道是不是我的理解有问题，这道题真正的答案应该在下一段，下一段第二句开始讲retreat，尾句讲鸟retreat为了躲避炎热，哺乳动物躲到洞里，也就是说retreat是为了避暑，正确答案是A。如果没有看到下一段的同学，这段最后一句讲escape发生在炎热或者干燥的时期，同样可以推出躲避阳光，这是个infer题

　　11. 以ostrich做关键词定位至第二句和第三句，第三句说当炎热的时候，ostrich会竖起它们背上的羽毛，所以正确答案是D。B没提到feather，错;A说feather短，错;C的both blabla原文没说，错

　　12. 暂缺

　　13. Annual跟Perennial主要在第二至第四段讲到

　　Woody选项在第二段第二句刚讲到分类的时候，属于perennial

　　Explosive选项在第二段最后以及整个第三段都有讲到，尽管不是原词，但说到一旦降水多就立刻生长的很好，也就是explosive了，所以属于annual

　　Long选项错，因为原文说extensive root network是应付干旱的方法，没讲到shallow root Storage选项同样在第二段第二句刚讲到分类的时候就说了，属于perennial

　　Minimization选项原文完全没讲到，不是任何一个category的选项

　　Short选项同样在第二段第二句刚讲到分类的时候就说了，属于annual

　　Leaves选项在第四段第二句，属于perennial

　　SUMER AND THE FIRST CITIES OF THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST

　　1. A选项的rainfall和B的melting snow做关键词定位至第五句，都正确，不选;C的silt

　　确实讲过，但并没讲damaged crops，所以C错，选;D的timber, stone and metals定位至第四句，正确，不选

　　2. 以elite to emerge做关键词定位至尾句，但这句话的these说明应该往前看，上句的this was

　　done说明应该继续往前，前句说organization of irrigation和building canals非常重要，所以正确答案是D。没再往前是因为已经有答案了。A的new crop没提，B和C犯了类似的错误，原文讲土壤肥沃，不是人有钱，所以都错

　　3. sustain维持，所以正确答案是maintain，tain做词根表持有。原文讲正式这些导致精英阶

　　级的产生，并通过控制剩余产品来怎么样自身的存在，其他选项都不好，比如defend自身的存在前提是要受到威胁，而原文根本没这事儿，promote也不对，原文没讲elite要扩张 4. 两个专有名词做关键词定位至第二句，说这两个族是以temple为中心发展的，也就是B说的

　　religious buildings，所以答案是B。A和C的urban settlement，D的destroy原文都没说 5. sovereign统治者，至高无上的，所以正确答案是B。代入，跟sovereign of all other gods

　　并列的是the god of the sky，天神和其他神的什么，可以推出是管其他神的人，就像玉皇大帝和诸神，尽管creator创造者代入也说的算通，但天神不一定能和创造其他神的人并列吧，counselor和defender更不靠谱

　　6. 以appearance of writing做关键词定位至第一个括号之后那句，说越来越复杂的管理体系

　　导致了writing，所以正确答案是A。B的leaders，C的imports和D的population都不在定位句中，不选

　　7. 以数字做关键词定位至第三个括号之后那句，整个句子都是个例子，由于是目的题，所以往

　　前看，前面的括号同样是例子，再往前，说更经济的方式是用sign不表达一个完整单词而表达一个syllable，说到这个的只有D。A的增长和衰落时期，B的larger vocabulary 都没讲，不选;C的logogram虽然讲到，但原文没有说varied widel，所以不选

　　8. 以ancient texts做关键词定位至最后一句，原文讲economic matters predominanted，也

　　就是问题问的most commonl，正确答案是C，其他都没说

　　9. 以wheel做关键词定位至第一句，原文讲wheel最早是一个efficient的方法去制作pottery

　　后来才转到transport的，所以正确答案是B，D有一定迷惑性，但注意是后来才有transport的，所以D不对，其他都没说

　　10. engraved雕刻的，被牢记的，所以正确答案是A。前缀en使动，grave严肃或者坟墓，使XXX

　　进入坟墓，可以猜测是埋葬或者刻墓碑。代入，原文说一个在公元前3000年怎么样的写字小块提供了苏美尔最早的example，代入都说得通，靠词根和词汇量吧

　　11. 提取主干，去掉again插入语和which定语从句，得到原文说主要的进步是发现了如果copper

　　跟tin混合，就能够得到更硬的金属bronze，所以正确答案是A。B错在没有讲mixing copper with tin;C错在更硬的不是tin，而是bronze;D错在发生在3500 BCE的不是bronze，而是copper的发现

　　12. widespread广泛，所以正确答案是common常见。wide和spread的合成词，意思上也是两个

　　词意思的组合。代入，原文说这段时间被称为Bronze Age，在这段时间内bronze的使用怎么了，既然都叫Bronze Age了，肯定说明bronze在这段时间内使用的多吧，所以也能推出正确答案是D。A和B，还有B和C意思上都有重合，也可以推出三者都不选

　　13. 以a variety of occupations作过渡点，回原文定位到A之后的administrators,

　　craftspeople and merchants，这是一对具体的职业，而待插入句中的a variety of occupations是抽象概念，按照先总述后分述的逻辑关系，正确的插入点是A不是B

　　14. The scarcity选项的前半部分对应第一段的最后，但原文没讲过take charge of trade and

　　imports，所以错，不选

　　The economy选项原文没讲，而且就算是说对了，因为有Eridu这样具体的东西，也不会成为答案

　　Writing appeared选项对应原文第三段后半部分，正确 Priests选项原文完全没讲，不选

　　The earliest city选项对应原文第二段，正确 The development选项对应原文最后一段，正确